Augustine discusses temporary Christianity in his anti-Pelagian writings, for example Rebuke and Grace, composed in 426-7, and On the Gift of Perseverance, written in 428 or 9. In these short books Augustine strongly defends the sovereign grace of God, especially the idea of effectual calling and what later on came to be called the ‘golden chain’ of Romans 8. Remember that the concept of effectual grace is not a novelty in his thinking provoked by the rise of Pelagianism, for it occurs as early as 397 in a letter to Simplicianus, Bishop of Milan, written shortly after Augustine himself became a bishop.
It seems that that
letter, written in response to certain questions addressed to him by Simplicianus,
was the occasion in which, while writing, he same to recognize the significance
of Paul’s argument in Romans 9. (In his Retractions,
writing about the Letter, Augustine wrote ‘In resolving the question, I really
worked for the free choice of the human will, but the grace of God won out’.)
He not only wrote back to Simplicianus, giving him answers to his questions,
but the letter seems to be the record of him changing his mind. (The passage
from the Retractions is quoted at
length in the anti-Pelagian writing On the Predestination of the Saints (428 or 9) Ch.8)) In writing to Simplicianus, Augustine
came to formulate the idea of effectual calling, and then stoutly defended it
in the following words
For
the effectiveness of God’s mercy cannot be in the power of man to frustrate, if
he will have none of it. If God wills to have mercy on men, he can call them in
a way that is suited to them, so that they will be moved to understand and to
follow. It is true, therefore, that man are called but few chosen. Those are
chosen who are effectually [congruenter}
called. Those who are not effectually called and do not obey their calling are
not chosen, for although they were called they did not follow. Again it is true
that “it is not of him that willeth, nor of him that runneth, but of God that
hath mercy”. For although he calls many, he has mercy on those whom he calls in
a way that is suited to them. (Augustine:
Earlier Writings. Selected and translated with an Introduction, John H.S.
Burleigh, (London SCM Press, 1953), 395)
In his later work,
Rebuke and Grace, he works this out in more detail, using
the same text, ‘For many are called, but few are chosen’ (Matt. 22.14), to
distinguish between those who are outwardly called, and those who besides being
outwardly called are inwardly called by God’s effectual grace.
But he also
addresses a new problem. What of those Christians who fail to persevere, to
those ‘of his children God does not give this perseverance’. He response is
that there are those who ‘while they live piously, are called the children of
God; but because they will wickedly, and die in that impiety, the foreknowledge
of God does not call them God’s children’. (Ch.20) God gives them grace, but
not persevering grace. Had they been given persevering grace then they would
have persevered, and this perseverance would be evidence that they were ‘children of the promise’. So ‘there are some
who are called by us children of God on account on grace received even in
temporal things, yet are not so called by God’. Augustine cites I John 2.19 and
comments, ‘even when they appeared among us, they were not of us’.
He may surprise us
in saying that the righteousness of such as were not granted perseverance was
not hypocritical: ‘not because they simulated righteousness, but because they
did not continue in it, (citing John 8.31, and the ‘disciples’ called such
by Jesus in John 6.59 ff.)
We,
then, call men elected, and Christ’s disciples, and God’s children because they
are to be so called whom, being regenerated, we see to live piously; but they
are then truly what they are called if they shall abide in that on account of
which they are so called. But if they have not perseverance, - that is, if they
continue not in that which they have begun to be, - they are not truly called
what they are called, and are not; for they are not this in the sight of Him to
whom it is known what they are going to be, that is to say, from good men, bad
men. (480)
Augustine’s
emphasis is on following the Apostolic practice. Men and women professing the
faith, join the church in various circumstances and conditions. They are to be received accordingly, and only
were they to leave the church or seriously to fail in life are the descriptions
of them as ‘elected, and Christ’s disciples, and God’s children’ to be
reconsidered. This may make it appear that Augustine believes that all that
adhere to the church are in that adherence regenerate and truly Christian, and
that if they fall away they ‘fall from grace’, and so there is a class of
persons who once were regenerated etc., but who now are not.
But this would be
mistaken way to take Augustine, I believe. His emphasis is on the point that actually
persevering is the one and only test of whether one possesses ‘perseverance’. Because
life as a professing Christian is lived out in real time, human assessments of
such a life, whether that of the person himself, or by other people, can only
be provisional. So Augustine’s teaching on perseverance cannot be exactly or
finally applied at any moment or stage in a person’s life. In The Gift of Perseverance there is a
distinct emphasis on the sovereignty and inscrutability of God’s purposes for
individual men and women.
He
has mercy on whom he will, no merits of his own preceding; and the truth is
unsearchable by which he hardeneth whom he will, even though his merits may
have preceded, but merits for the most part common to him with the man on whom
He has mercy….For is there unrighteousness with God? Away with the thought! But
His ways are past finding out’. (The Gift
of Perseverance Ch. 25)
(It is routinely
stated that unlike Calvin and other Reformers Augustine did not hold to double
predestination, but reading a passage such as this makes one wonder.)
It is interesting
also that Augustine places little or no emphasis on personal assurance, or on
the grounds of true assurance and the reasons for false assurance, in the manner
characteristic of Reformed theologians in the seventeenth century, as we shall see next month. Much less does he think of perseverance as a
gift that can be enjoyed in deliberate separation from the visible church. He places great
store by John’s judgement that ‘They went out from us, but the were not of us; for
if they had been of us, they would have continued with us’. (I Jn. 2.19) Perseverance is not an individual gift, entailing
‘personal assurance’, that is portable
from one congregation to another without good reason, or enjoyable in isolation
from any congregation. In this sense Augustine was not an ‘individualist’ But
on the other hand, since perseverance manifests itself in persevering to the
end, and in no other way, and can endure through periods of weakness, no final verdict
can be passed on others by ourselves. ‘So that he who thinks he stands may take
heed lest he fall, and he who glories may glory not in himself, but in the
Lord’.
Is it ‘Once saved
always saved’? Augustine would say that looked at from the divine perspective,
undoubtedly yes. But what about the point of view of the pilgrim? I think he would say that the evidence for perseverance cannot be taken wholly from a person's
past, but must include evidence of present persevering. Those have the gift of
perseverance who, by God’s grace and strength, in fact persevere. And he might
add: beware of ‘mischievous elation’ and heed the Apostle: ‘Wherefore let him
who seems to stand take heed lest he fall’. ‘It is good not to be high-minded,
but to fear’.
NOTE For those who
do not already know, several of Augustine’s Anti-Pelagian writings (as found in
the Schaff edition) are available for next to nothing as Kindle e-books via
Amazon. B.B. Warfield in his Introduction to these writings, ‘Augustine and the
Pelagian Controversy’ (in Studies in
Tertullian and Augustine), surveys the field in his usual masterly way.
